Therefore, “Maat” is truth, justice and equality, meaning “law.” He was the pharaoh, a man of a sword, meaning a “state.” A pharaoh is a man of law, meaning “civilization.” A pharaoh is a man of construction, meaning “culture” … the sword creates a state. And culture builds a reputation. But law and truth “Maat” make a nation.

That is why Shawki told the Ottomans, “Oh, the nation of the sword, I am the state of the pen.”

C. Henry Burst, American archaeologist, “The complete absence of class and social differences before the law in Egypt contributed to the existence of the moral legacy law that the Western world inherited from the Egyptians.” This is consistent with Diodore of Sicily’s description of the rulers of ancient Egypt: “They did not live in the manner of tyrants in other kingdoms. They would do whatever they wanted according to their whims without being subject to any control. Laws set the limits for their behaviour – not only in their public life but in their private life and style. Their daily livelihood “The king was not able to spend in quarrels according to his inclinations, but according to what the laws stipulated in each case.

However, Egyptian law did not differentiate punishment between people according to their social position. Suppose the same crime applies to it one punishment for all citizens, regardless of position or position. This is what did not happen in the contemporary world civilizations of the civilization of Egypt. Among the most prestigious of these Babylonian civilizations, which was proud of the first law in the world enacted the famous “Hammurabi Law”, consisting of 282 articles, which stipulated “the soul for the soul and the eye for an eye” away from the prison sentence, which allows a period to acquit or convict the accused.

Its treatment of gentlemen differs from the treatment of slaves in the law of Babylon, “the law of Hammurabi.” So if a master gouged another master’s eye, “like him,” his eye would turn out. But if a master gouged the eye of a slave, he would pay him a port of a kilogram of silver.

In addition to Egyptian law, a judicial system is similar to the modern system of “degrees of litigation.” He mentions Diodore of Sicily, who visited Egypt in 59 BC. M “The Egyptian judicial system knew its stage or the” appeal “of the verdict before a higher court. The judiciary in Egypt was civil and not religious.

At the same time, the countries of the ancient world judged the accused with a ruling that prevented the occurrence of the crime without the existence of such degrees of litigation. What will happen after we have sentenced someone to death, for example, and then his innocence appears after that? Rather, these kingdoms were also not using the prison system, which gives the accused the opportunity and time to defend himself. And he used to provide the prisoners with guarding and stabbing. This was mentioned in the Holy Quran in the story of Yusef, peace be upon him (Prison is more loved by me than they invite me to) and (He stayed in prison for a few years). Even in the story of Musa, peace be upon him; no one could kill him because of his mistake, the Egyptian. But there was a conspiracy (The people are asking you to kill you, so get out). And I think that what is meant by them is among the people, “the people of the murdered and his followers,” not the filling of Pharaoh and his entourage, because no one would have dared to do so in the presence of a clear and tight system of justice.

The custom was to select the best, reputable, and well-behaved people in installing the general judges in Memph, Heliopolis and Thebes. And their number is thirty “ten in each city,” then the judges of the three cities meet to choose one of them as their president.

And Brasted states, “Justice and ideals have reached a prominent place in ancient Egypt in the documents that are in our hands, which are the inauguration speech of the minister who is of the title” Maat Priest. “The king himself delivered the speech because this speech includes the minister’s commitment to implement the law and principles of justice. Responsibility among all before the law and not to show any preference for princes and advisors, or to enslave any member of the people, the king says in his address to his minister, “Do the right thing and treat everyone with justice.”

In his papyrus in the Leningrad Museum, bequests from the king to his son, Prince “Mary Ka Ra”, would recommend him before death.

“Beware of raising the status of Ibn al-Azim Ali Ibn al-Wuda. Rather, take for yourself a man for the sake of his competence. Do not be rude and sympathetic to sadness, and do not offend a woman. Let the greatest impact be people’s love for you.